Benedikt Pago

University of Cambridge, Robinson College. Logics and Algorithms Group.

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I am a Postdoctoral Research Associate at Robinson College in Cambridge. As a theoretical computer scientist, I am part of the Logic and Algorithms group led by Anuj Dawar. Before that, in 2023, I completed my PhD under the supervision of Erich Grädel at RWTH Aachen University, Germany.

My research interests cover a range of topics in complexity theory and logic, such as descriptive complexity and finite model theory, proof complexity, algebraic circuit complexity, and the theory of constraint satisfaction problems.

The central question that is studied in these areas is what amount of resources, say, computing time, circuit size, number of lines in a proof, or number of variables in a logical formula, is required to solve a given problem, express a query, or prove a mathematical statement.

I am especially interested in proving lower bounds by building a comprehensive theory that ties all these facets of complexity together and explains what it is that makes a particular problem easy or hard. Its overarching framework is based on the notion of symmetry that crops up in different guises in circuits, proofs, or algorithms.

News

Mar 02, 2026 Looking forward to the annual meeting of the Algorithmic Model Theory community AlMoTh 2026, which is happening in Passau this year.

Feb 23, 2026 Upcoming trip to Paris for CSL 2026. I’ll be speaking about Arity hierarchies for quantifiers closed under partial polymorphisms, my new paper together with Anuj Dawar and Lauri Hella that explores a new perspective on finite model theory inspired by methods from the world of constraint satisfaction (CSP).

Feb 02, 2026 Our brand-new paper Lower Bounds in Algebraic Complexity via Symmetry and Homomorphism Polynomials with Prateek Dwivedi and Tim Seppelt has just been accepted at STOC 2026! Building on the framework from our recent ITCS’26 paper, we solve the long-standing open problem of separating the algebraic complexity classes VF, VBP, and VP – with restriction to symmetric circuits, at least…

Jan 27, 2026 Excited for ITCS 2026 in Milan featuring our new paper Symmetric Algebraic Circuits and Homomorphism Polynomials with Anuj Dawar and Tim Seppelt. We give a surprising graph-theoretic characterisation of all polynomials computable by efficient symmetric circuits. Check out our video talk!

Sep 22, 2025 CSP World Congress 2025

Selected publications

  1. Lower Bounds in Algebraic Complexity via Symmetry and Homomorphism Polynomials
    Prateek Dwivedi, Benedikt Pago, and Tim Seppelt
    In STOC 2026
    (accepted for publication)
  2. Symmetric Algebraic Circuits and Homomorphism Polynomials
    Anuj Dawar, Benedikt Pago, and Tim Seppelt
    In 17th Innovations in Theoretical Computer Science Conference (ITCS 2026)
  3. CSL
    Arity hierarchies for quantifiers closed under partial polymorphisms
    Anuj Dawar, Lauri Hella, and Benedikt Pago
    In CSL 2026
    forthcoming
  4. Limitations of Affine Integer Relaxations for Solving Constraint Satisfaction Problems
    Moritz Lichter and Benedikt Pago
    In 52nd International Colloquium on Automata, Languages, and Programming, ICALP 2025, Aarhus, Denmark
  5. Symmetric Proofs in the Ideal Proof System
    Anuj Dawar, Erich Grädel, Leon Kullmann, and Benedikt Pago
    In 50th International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science, MFCS 2025, Warsaw, Poland
    Invited for publication in special issue of Information & Computation
  6. A Logic for P: Are we Nearly There Yet?
    Anuj Dawar and Benedikt Pago
    ACM SIGLOG News, Vol. 11, 2024